English-Speaking Countries' Society and Culture: 2008

LECTURE 8: INDIA
1. Colonialism in India
a. First trading post established in India by Portuguese in 1502.
b. In 1600, Elizabeth I gave a charter to the East India Company to trade with India.
c. East India Company came to rule India through puppet kings by early 19th century.
d. Sepoy Mutiny (1857): Indian soldiers revolted against the British because of discrimination, resulting in India becoming a colony of Britain.
e. British rule extended to Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan.
2. Indian Independence
a. Indian National Congress: political party jointly founded in 1885 by both Indians and Britons.
b. The party led the Indian Independence Movement and become the strongest political party in India after independence in 1947.
c. Other influential parties included the Communist Party of India and the Muslim League.
d. Mahatma Gandhi encouraged the Indian people to resist the British Raj through satyagraha, non-violent civil disobedience, which influenced Martin Luther King and Nelson Mandela.
e. On August 15, 1947, India gained independence.
3. Partition of India
a. Political parties in India thought that civil war would break out if India did not separate into one Hindi state and one Muslim state. The Mountbatten Plan determined the borders in June 1947.
b. In August 1947, Pakistan was created.
c. Muslims moved to Pakistan, Hindis moved to India. In total, about 18 million people resettled, one-sixth never reached their destination.
d. Pakistan was split in two parts, west and east.
e. East Pakistan felt exploited by West Pakistan because the West held all the political power. The East did not receive economic or language support.
f. East Pakistan, with the help of India, gained independence and became Bangladesh in 1971.
4. Kashmir Conflict
a. China, India, and Pakistan have clashed over the northern tip of India, known as Kashmir.
b. Conflict rooted in religious differences (Hindi and Muslim) in the populations and different interpretations of the circumstances of Kashmir’s joining with India.
c. Simla Agreement (1972): after India defeated Pakistan in War of 1971 both countries agreed to settle all issues by peaceful means through the UN Charter.
d. Conflicts in Kashmir erupted 1947, 1965, 1999. Tensions still continue.
e. Both Pakistan and India are nuclear powers and there is an international fear of a possible nuclear war between the two countries.
5. India and China
a. India was the source of Buddhism, still a major religious and cultural force in China today.
b. Zheng He, the Ming Admiral, visited India during his voyages in the beginning of the 15th century.
c. In 1963, India and China clashed over territory that both claimed. China defeated India and gained administration of the area.
d. India claimed to test nuclear weapons in 1998 in response to a perceived growing Chinese threat.
e. The 21st century saw the opening of several trading routes between India and China that had been closed since the Sino-Indian War (1963). India also provided aid to China after the Sichuan earthquake
f. Relationship between the two countries grows closer as both become stronger economic powers that wish to counter American unilateralism.
6. Nuclear Power in India
a. India has already tested two nuclear bombs (1974 and 1998) and is not a member of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. After India’s test in 1974, the world’s nuclear powers restricted trade with India in nuclear materials.
b. In October 2008, however, the US signed a treaty allowing US government to sell nuclear materials to India for civilian use. The new agreement allows US companies to build nuclear reactors to help with India’s rising energy demands.
c. Some opponents view the treaty as rewarding rogue behavior. They worry that this treaty has opened the door for the further spread of nuclear technology around the world.
7. English Language in India
a. India recognizes 22 official languages, though the primary one is Hindi. English is the secondary official language. In 1947, English was used for most official purposes, but the government has been phasing it out in favor of local languages.
b. In 1964, the government tried to end the use of the English language, but people protested all over the country, some violently so.
c. The local languages vary from region to region so state governments often rely on English for communication with each other, if Hindi is not spoken there.
8. Bollywood
a. Bollywood is the Hindi-language film industry in Mumbai, and one of the largest movie producers in the world.
b. There has been a growing presence of Indian English in dialogue and songs. Many films use English phrases and sentences, and some are filmed entirely in English.
c. Heavily influenced by Hollywood and MTV, Bollywood is mostly romantic musicals, interwoven with Indian mythology, history, and fairy tales.
d. It has become an increasingly popular genre in the US and UK in the last ten years.
9. Outsourcing
a. Many people in India are hired to do the same jobs people used to do in the US or UK.
b. Most commonly used in call centers: when people in America call a company for service questions, they often speak to people in India.
c. Helped by cheap international phone calls (using the Internet), the rising numbers of English speakers in India, and the different time zones.
d. Controversial in the United States because Americans are losing their jobs to overseas workers.
10. Indian Diaspora
a. There are altogether 30 million ethnic Indians who live abroad.
b. Countries with 1,000,000 or more Indian residents include United Arab Emirates, Nepal, Malaysia, Burma, Saudi Arabia, United States, United Kingdom, South Africa, and Canada.
c. Indians abroad maintain strong cultural, emotional, and spiritual links to their homeland.
d. Famous Indians abroad: Salman Rushdie, Amartya Sen, Vijay Singh, Madhur Jaffrey, M. Night Shyamalan, and Gururaj Deshpande.
11. Cricket
a. Introduced to India by Britons in the colonial era, cricket has become the most popular sport.
b. The best international players compete in the Indian Premier League, established in 2008. Each match lasts 3-5 days.
c. The IPL created tensions between cricket organizations in other countries who feared the loss of their best players to India, like England who now plans to start its own Premier League.
d. Indian star athletes who play well internationally are given rewards like sports cars and cash (sometimes as much as $250,000).
12. Western Perceptions
a. Ever since Vivekananda, Westerners have associated India with a mystical place to escape from modern society.
i. For example, the Beatles in the 1960s.
b. Orientalism (1978) by Edward Said: argues that Western literature and scholarship portrayed the East as the hostile, primitive “Other” which created the divide between East and West.
c. This "Western superiority" became politically useful when France and Britain conquered and colonized countries such as Egypt, India, Algeria and others.
13. Yoga
a. Yoga is a branch of Hinduism.
b. Swami Vivekananda, the first Indian religious teacher in the United States, introduced Americans to Yoga at the 1893 World Conference of Religion in Chicago. He opened dialogue between eastern and western religions.
c. He presented the philosophical and religious aspects of Yoga as an Indian ‘science’ that the West could use to heal the ills of modernization in Western society.
d. Yoga, as a method of exercise, became popular in the United States in the early-mid 1990s, but still is associated with mystical and spiritual practice.

LECTURE 9: CAPITALISM IN AMERICA
1. What is Capitalism?
a. Capitalism:
i. Means of production shared between private persons and corporations.
ii. Prices of goods and services determined through market economy.
b. Elements of capitalism of existed before 18th century in:
i. Early Roman Empire
ii. Caliphate (Muslim government of Middle East, North Africa, and Spain) of 9th and 12th centuries
c. Crisis of the fourteenth century: Collapse of feudalism in England due to famine, limits in agricultural productivity, and the Black Death. Later, the peasants could sell their goods on an open market, so that encouraged the growth of technology.
2. Adam Smith
a. Father of modern economic theory, who wrote “The Wealth of Nations” (1776).
b. “The Invisible Hand”: the law of supply and demand rules the market economy.
c. While human motives are out of self-interest, the overall effect on the market would be that society as a whole would benefit.
d. Laissez-Faire Economics: a system that replaced mercantilism, that had no government interference in the market, like taxes and tariffs.
3. The Protestant Work Ethic
a. First outlined by sociologist Max Weber in “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” (1904).
b. Protestants (as compared to Catholics) believe in personal salvation and the power of one person to improve his own situation.
c. Thus, Protestants tend to be more materialistic, perfectionist, and focused on hard work.
d. This phenomenon is found in Protestant countries such as Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States.
4. Early Capitalism in America
a. The early American population remained low compared to its European counterparts. People began to invent machines to make up for the lack of manual labor.
b. For example, Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin which separated the seeds of cotton from its fibers, resulted in the economic development of the South. In the North, people imported British machines to build textile factories, which spun the cotton into cloth.
c. Steam engines, railroads, and telegraphs also speeded up American economic development.
5. The Gilded Age
a. Coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in (1873).
b. After the Civil War, the American economy thrived between 1877-1890, while the population soared.
c. Created boomtowns in the Northeast (Buffalo, Cleveland, Pittsburgh) and a super-rich class of billionaires, in industries such as steel, telegraphs, mining, transportation, and banking.
d. Coincided with a downturn in British economy as well as America’s expansion and development of the West.
e. “Robber barons” also established American practice of philanthropy, establishing museums, libraries, and universities all over the country.
6. The End of the Gilded Age
a. Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) limited the development of large monopolies which restrained commerce in any one industry.
b. The Panic of 1893: speculation and overinvestment in railroad industry caused bank and railroad company failures and the worst economic crisis in the US up to that point.
c. This led to the Progressive Era, as organizations tried to expand workers’ rights and protections for the ordinary citizen. People began to organize unions to protest worker abuses.
d. Ordinary citizens gained numerous rights during this time, including direct election of Senators, Women’s Suffrage, consumer rights (Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907).
7. The Ludlow Massacre
a. The gap between the rich and the poor dramatically increased during the Gilded Era. Workers, influenced by socialism, began to express this injustice through unions and strikes.
b. One particularly tragic example was the Ludlow Massacre where on April 20, 1914, the Colorado National Guard attacked striking coal miners and their families in Colorado. Twenty people died. Some of the mines were managed by the Rockefellers.
c. Mining is an extremely dangerous job. For instance, 1700 miners died in Colorado between 1884-1912. With low-paying wages in a competitive industry, many miners joined labor unions.
d. Mine workers went on strike in Ludlow to demand certain rights. The strike lasted 14 months, but the companies hired replacement workers whom the striking workers tried to attack. The National Guard brought in to keep the peace but opened fire on the families instead.
8. The Great Depression
a. During the Roaring Twenties, Americans experienced tremendous prosperity. The stock market, however, had inflated dramatically.
b. In October 1929, the stock market crashed and banks failed across America, starting the Great Depression. Governments all around the world realized that they needed to institute large social programs which overturned the laissez-faire system. People realized the instability of laissez-faire economics.
c. In the United States, FDR started a number of programs to create jobs as well as provide citizens with more of a social safety net.
d. In Europe, a transition towards social democracies and planned economies, especially after World War II. Governments in many European countries now provide social welfare programs to their citizens and rely on high tax rates to fund them.
9. 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs
a. 100,000,000 Guinea Pigs (1933) by Arthur Kallet and F.J. Schlink criticized the food and drug industries for releasing products to the American public with little knowledge or concern for their negative effects on consumers.
b. Competition between many companies in industries led to use of questionable and dangerous products in foods and drugs. The government also failed to regulate these industries. Finally, the government formed the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic act of 1938.
c. In 1972, 200,000,000 Pigs by John G. Fuller, stated that “nearly forty years later, the situation is worse, not better” in the food and drug industry.
d. Today, the FDA remains seriously understaffed, underfunded, and facing difficulties in monitoring foods and drugs produced abroad.
10. Milton Friedman
a. One of the most influential modern economists.
b. Argued for laissez-faire and less government deregulation.
c. Informed policy of Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Roger Douglas (NZ).
d. As a result, government began to intervene less and less in market systems.
e. The government failure in regulating housing market caused a chain reaction that resulted in the current global financial crisis.
11. The Future of Capitalism?
a. Last month’s economic crisis disproves Adam Smith’s theory that the market economy always corrects itself. In fact, capitalism must have governmental regulation.
b. With the election of Barack Obama and other Democrats, we can expect an attempt to expand social programs and governmental regulation solve this crisis.

LECTURE 10: DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA
1. Roots of Democracy
a. Comes from the Greek words ‘demos’ (people) and ‘kratos’ (rule).
b. Practiced by some Greek city states, like Athens, during the fifth and fourth century BC.
c. Two main principles of democracy:
i. All members of society have equal access to power.
ii. All members enjoy universally recognized freedoms and liberties.
2. The American Revolution
a. The United States of America broke away from the British Empire between 1775-1783.
b. Causes:
i. Colonists protested higher taxes placed on the colonies after the Seven Years’ War with France in 1763.
ii. Colonists wanted direct representation in the English Parliament because they paid taxes.
c. Due to protests in New England in 1775, Britain sent more troops across the Atlantic, and the colonists reacted by organizing their own militias with the help of France, resulting in war.
d. In 1776, the “Founding Fathers” sign America’s Declaration of Independence.
3. Influences on the American Constitution
a. Magna Carta (1215): Required the king to respect certain legal rights of citizens and recognize that his leadership fell under rule of law.
b. Writings of John Locke: Argued that human reason, not religion, should be the basis for all governmental authority; reason guided man to change society.
c. Declaration of Independence (1776): Stressed the natural rights of citizens, including “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.”
d. Federalist Papers: Newspaper articles written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton that supported the ratification of the Constitution; interpreted the laws of the Constitution which is the philosophical foundation of American society, even though these were not included in the Constitution (e.g. the separation of church and state).
4. Writing the Constitution
a. Approved by each state in September of 1787.
b. Constitution clearly lays out the structure of the United States government.
c. Federalists and Anti-Federalists argued over what should be in the Constitution.
d. Anti-Federalists finally won, but the Federalists attached amendments to the Constitution which guaranteed certain rights to American citizens and protected them from a strong government.
e. The Bill of Rights (1791): the first ten amendments limited powers of federal government and protected citizens’ freedoms of religion, speech, press, assembly, etc.
5. Federalism versus States’ Rights
a. Federalism in America: means that the power of the national government is stronger than the power of the states (opposite meaning in Canada and Australia).
b. Anti-Federalism in America: states should have the power to decide their own laws without interference by national government.
c. Laws on many social and economic issues are still very different from state to state. Such as:
i. Tax Rates
ii. Gay Marriage
iii. Gun Control
iv. Abortion
v. Euthanasia
6. Checks and Balances
a. The French philosopher Montesquieu argued for the government’s power to be separated into different branches. These branches would constantly limit each others’ powers, so that one branch could not dominate the government completely.
b. The US government’s power is divided between three branches, where two branches always balance out the other.
i. Legislative (Senate and Congress)
ii. Judicial (Supreme Court)
iii. Executive (President)
7. Indirect Democracy
a. Electoral college: an institution made up of popularly elected politicians of each state who select the President and Vice President
b. The members of the electoral college can vote for whomever they want, but in practice, they give the electoral votes of each state in entirety to the candidate who had the majority in each state.
c. Criticized as undemocratic because the people who live in the more highly competitive states have more influence in the national election than elsewhere.
d. In 1876, 1888 and 2000, the candidates lost the popular vote but still won the overall election because of the electoral college.
8. Voter Suffrage
a. Originally only white males could vote.
b. Race: 15th Amendment to Constitution (1870) stopped racial discrimination.
c. Gender: 19th Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote after the suffrage movement of the Progressive Era.
d. Class: 24th Amendment (1964) banned poll taxes. These taxes were used by states to disenfranchise poor people, especially African Americans, Native Americans, and immigrants.
e. Age: 26th Amendment (1971) allowed all citizens over the age of 18 to vote.
f. Who can’t vote? Foreigners, criminals, and the mentally insane.
9. Criticisms of Democracy
a. The Greek philosopher Plato in “The Republic” warned of mob rule, or large groups of people who act irrationally when making important decisions.
b. Confucianism and Islamic thought believe that democracy leads to moral decay where people begin to distrust the government. This is because a leader chosen by the people does not have the moral authority that gains him the respect of the people. Rather he is seen as their equal, and not their superior.
c. Democracy does not offer enough political stability because of frequent changes of power where protests and power grabs can occur.
10. Recent Democratic Disasters
a. United States: 2000 Presidential Election.
b. Iraq: Limits on press freedoms, assassinations and violence against elected officials has prevented free and fair elections from 2003 to the present.
c. Zimbabwe: African nation under the control of Robert Mugabe since its independence from Great Britain in 1980; in 2008 people elected the opposing party’s candidate for president, but the results of the election were withheld and Mugabe is still in power.
d. Thailand: Military coup in 2006 kicked out the democratically elected government; new elections held at the end of 2007. In September 2008, after large public protests, the courts removed the prime minister from office on a vote of no confidence. As of now the present prime minister’s offices have been occupied by protestors.

LECTURE 11: THE PROTESTANT TRADITION
1. Christianity
a. Religion based on teachings of Jesus Christ as written in the New Testament. Christians believe that Jesus Christ is the son of God.
b. In America:
i. Christian – 82%
ii. Catholic – 24%
iii. Protestant – 52%
iv. Mormon – 2%
v. Jewish – 1.3%
vi. Muslim – 0.5%
vii. Other – 12%
2. The Protestant Reformation
a. In 1517, Martin Luther wrote his 95 Theses criticizing practices of the Catholic Church in Germany, especially the sale of indulgences.
b. His words spread throughout Northern Europe.
c. Catholicism at that time emphasized tradition and ritual. Catholics believed that it was only through communication with priests that a believer could gain God’s protection.
d. Protestants returned to what they saw as the original foundations of the religion, notably the Bible as the sole religious text. They also wanted to communicate with God directly without the need of the Church.
3. The Protestant Work Ethic
a. First outlined by sociologist Max Weber in “The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism” (1904).
b. Protestants (as compared to Catholics) believe in personal salvation and the power of one person to improve his own situation.
c. Thus, Protestants tend to be more materialistic, perfectionist, and focused on hard work.
d. This phenomenon is found in Protestant countries such as Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Sweden, and the United States.
4. Protestants Come to America
a. New religious sects that wanted to escape persecution in the Old World came to the American colonies. Most were from other branches of Protestantism.
b. The Pilgrims were Protestants who settled near Boston in 1621, and greatly influenced early America politically, culturally, and socially.
c. Alexis de Tocqueville, French philosopher who traveled in America in the 1830s argued that Puritanism provided a foundation for democracy because Puritans were hard-working, egalitarian, studious, and practiced things in moderation.
5. First Great Awakening
a. Surge in religious activity in North American colonies during 1730s and 1740s.
b. Started by Jonathan Edwards in Massachusetts who reached out to young people who had not been devoted Christians. He threatened people with sermons like “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”
c. ‘Fire and brimstone’ encouraged people to believe in a powerful and active God who would send them to hell if they did not behave.
d. People started to attend church more often and read the Bible, as well as discuss their beliefs and practices in religion.
6. Utopian Communities
a. America’s broad religious tolerance, uninhabited land, optimistic attitude led to religious groups setting up isolated communities, hoping that they would achieve a perfect lifestyle.
i. For example, the Shakers, whose lives were dedicated to supporting their communities and worshipping “Hands to Work, Hearts to God.” Shakers peaked in the mid-18th century with about 6000, but now only 4 left, since Shakers practice celibacy.
ii. Other utopian communities include the Amish in Pennsylvania and the Mormons in Utah.
7. Separation of Church and State
a. According to Establishment Clause of First Amendment, government cannot establish a national religion or pass a law that favors a religious idea with no non-religious use. Government should be secular—without any religious influence.
b. First written by President Thomas Jefferson in 1802; idea has spread to a number of other countries.
c. Now, religious leaders cannot support political candidates. The government is also limited in giving money to religious organizations.
d. However, religious beliefs still have a very strong influence on government on social issues like gay marriage and abortion.
8. Second Great Awakening
a. In the 19th century, the U.S. became more diverse culturally and socially. Different religious beliefs served these new Americans.
b. From 1790s to 1840s, new sects of Protestantism emerged, including the Methodists and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
c. Led to ‘antebellum’ (“before the war”) social reforms such as temperance (anti-alcohol), women’s rights, and the abolition of slavery.
9. Third Great Awakening
a. Robber barons funded the building of new large churches at the end of the 19th century.
b. Religious leaders opposed greed of robber barons as un-Christian and talked about helping out the common man in their sermons.
c. Religious leaders tried to apply Christian ethics to social problems. They believed that the Second Coming of Christ could not happen until people got rid of social evils.
d. Establishment of Christian social organizations like the YMCA, Salvation Army, Society of Ethical Culture, Christian Science, and Jehovah’s Witnesses.
e. Led to Progressive Era reforms such as national income tax, child labor laws, and a Constitutional amendment to prohibit alcohol (later revoked).
10. Evangelical Movement and Born Again Christians
a. Evangelicals believe in a strict interpretation of the Bible and have conservative views.
b. They emphasize being ‘born again’ in which the believer renews his Christian faith through a close personal experience with God.
c. They exert considerable influence in politics in America, known as the “Christian Right,” seeking conservative laws on social and political issues like abortion. They also supported President Bush in the 2000 election.
d. Evangelicals maintain a strong presence in media across the United States through television (Fox), radio (Rush Limbaugh), and magazines (National Review).
11. Creationism
a. Evangelicals do not want evolution to be taught in schools because it contradicts the Bible; that is, men evolved from monkeys and weren’t created by God.
b. Evangelicals argue that ‘evolution is just a theory’ and present their own form of science that proves that God created the man – known as creation science or intelligent design.
c. Evangelicals work to edit textbooks to question Darwin’s theory and try to serve in government and community positions that will let them influence the context and use of textbooks.
12. Utopian Communities Today
a. Utopian communities still exist today. Sometimes their practices do not agree with American laws, but the government does not want to interfere with religious practice.
b. For example, the Branch Davidians in Texas were a religious extremist group that believed that their leader was a prophet. Their leader had sexual relations with underage women and preached that the government was their enemy. The groups started to hoard weapons.
c. The government attacked the houses of the group which led to a 51-day stand off. The community burned down and many members committed suicide.

LECTURE 12: RACE AND IMMIGRATION IN AMERICA
1. The First Americans
a. Native Americans have lived in the New World for 12,000 years, divided into hundreds of distinct cultures and languages.
b. European contact brought epidemics like small pox and measles. Up to 80% of the Native American population died from these diseases.
c. Survivors fought colonists in many early wars. Native Americans also sided with British during the revolution to stop the growth of the colonies.
d. Iroquois Confederacy may have influenced early American political thought on democracy.
2. Slavery in Early America
a. Legal in the U.S. from 1654-1865, slavery formed the foundation of Southern economy, in tobacco and cotton farming.
b. Triangle Trade:
i. Exchanged guns, cloth, copper for slaves in Africa.
ii. Brought the slaves to West Indies in exchange for rum, sugar cane, molasses, or to U.S. for cotton and tobacco.
iii. Fostered by ocean currents in the Atlantic.
iv. Importation of slaves to the U.S. banned in 1808.
c. The Three-Fifths Compromise (1787): Slaves were not given any rights in the Constitution but were recognized as 3/5 of a white person for taxes and Congressional representatives.
d. Indentured Servants: poor Europeans who received free transport to the colonies in exchange for working seven years as servants.
3. Early Immigration from Europe
a. First Wave of Immigration (1700s): men from England, Netherlands, German states.
b. Naturalization Act (1790): national citizenship of US could only go to "free white persons" excluding Blacks (removed 1870), Asians (1952), Native-Americans (1948), indentured servants.
c. Second Wave of Immigration (1820-1860): Catholic families from Ireland.
d. Great Irish Potato Famine (1845-1850): People were starving in Ireland so thousands moved to the northeastern U.S.
e. Irish Catholics faced discrimination by American Protestants.
4. Chinese Immigration to the U.S.
a. Chinese immigrants first arrived in 1820 on the West Coast. Most of them worked hard labor, mining in the Gold Rush, building the transcontinental railway, etc.
b. They formed ethnic areas in America's large cities called Chinatowns, in San Francisco, NYC, Boston, opening up Chinese restaurants and laundries.
c. Chinese workers took low-paying jobs. Anti-Chinese Americans believed that they were taking jobs from Whites and were keeping wages low.
d. Anger over labor lead to the Exclusion Act (1882) which suspended only Chinese immigration to US for 60 years.
5. Abolition and Civil War (1861-1865)
a. Abolitionists in North criticized slavery because it was un-Christian and violated natural rights of man. They helped free runaway slaves through the Underground Railroad.
b. Abraham Lincoln was elected as president in 1860. Because he opposed slavery's spread to the West, the South seceded from the Union and started the Civil War, America’s bloodiest conflict.
c. Emancipation Proclamation (1863): freed slaves in the non-border states not under Northern control; this eventually led to the 13th Amendment (1865) banning slavery after the end of the Civil War.
6. Reconstruction and its Failure
a. After the Civil War, the government worked to reintegrate the South into the Union. They also tried to insure that the freed slaves be given the rights that they earned after the war.
b. The army occupied the South from 1865-1877. Democrats had one-party rule in reaction to Reconstruction, until the 1960s. They disenfranchised blacks by having a poll tax, segregating schools, etc. These were known as Jim Crow laws, or "Separate but Equal.”
c. Lynching: punishment carried out by white mobs on black citizens for often fake crimes in order to keep blacks living in fear and without rights. These mobs formed into the Ku Klux Klan.
7. The Indian Wars (1823-1890)
a. The Trail of Tears: forced relocation of southern groups after Indian Removal Act of 1830 to Oklahoma. Many Native Americans died on journey, and the government gave away their land to white people.
b. As White Americans moved westward, they pushed Native Americans off the land for settlement. Many tribes retaliated, resulting in bloody wars between the U.S. Army and such groups as the Sioux and Lakota. Thousands were killed.
c. Government attempted to assimilate Indians into American culture and forced them to live on reservations. Congress granted citizenship to Native Americans in 1924, but only in 1948 were they allowed to vote in all states.
d. Estimated 2.1 million Native Americans in US with one-fifth still living on reservations. Indians are poorest of all ethnic groups, with highest rates of teen pregnancy, unemployment, high school dropout.
8. Third Wave of Immigration
a. From 1890-1920, Northern European immigration decreased while Southern and Eastern European immigration (from Italy, Poland, Hungary) dramatically increased. Over 12 million passed through Ellis Island in New York Harbor and settled in eastern states.
b. About 1 million Japanese and Chinese immigrated through Angel Island in San Francisco Bay and settled in western states.
c. National Origins Quota (1924): limited immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans and prevented immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians.
d. Third Wave immigrants brought in new ideas from socialism and Judaism which stressed equal rights. These immigrants and their descendents greatly influenced and supported the Civil Rights movement later.
9. Japanese Internment Camps
a. After the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the U.S. government forced all Japanese living on the West Coast to move to prison-like camps for national security reasons until the end of WWII.
b. Internment camps discriminated on race and violated civil rights.
c. 110,000 Japanese were interned, and 60% had American citizenship. They also lost their houses and businesses.
d. The U.S. Government first denied any wrongdoing (Korematsu v. United States, 1944), but in the last ten years, has reversed this decision and paid each survivor $20,000 USD.
10. Civil Rights Movement (1955-1968)
a. Began symbolically with Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama who refused to give up her seat to a white passenger. Martin Luther King, Jr. led the boycott on the bus system. Soon people were protesting more “Separate but Equal” laws.
b. MLK Jr. was a Baptist minister who encouraged opposition to segregation through civil disobedience, inspired by Gandhi. He was later assassinated.
c. Malcolm X was Muslim civil rights leader who encouraged more active and violent resistance among the black community
d. Civil Rights Act (1964): banned racial segregation in schools, public places, and employment.
11. Present Day Immigration Policy
a. Immigration Act (1965): abolished quotas on immigration from certain areas like China, resulting in more non-whites coming into the U.S.
b. United States accepts more legal immigrants than any other country in the world, about 1,000,000 per year.
c. However, presently about 12 million illegal immigrants in U.S., 81% from Latin America who work on American factories and farms for low wages. Some people are angry because illegal immigrants stress U.S. social welfare and healthcare systems.
d. Parallels Chinese immigration in late 19th century with Latin American immigration. U.S. Government building a fence along the Mexican border to prevent illegal immigration.
12. Civil Rights in America Today
a. Barack Obama, will be the first black president of the U.S., an amazing feat considering how much African Americans have suffered in U.S.
b. Political rivals tried to label Obama as a Muslim, and many people believed it. This shows discrimination against Muslims in American society, particularly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
c. Gay Rights
i. Support for gays vary from place to place in the U.S.
ii. Some gay people still must live in shame and try to keep their preference a secret or face persecution. Others can work, marry, and raise children in the way that they chose.
iii. The Gay Rights Movement has had many triumphs in the last 40 years but many battles remain to be fought and won.

LECTURE 13: AMERICAN JAZZ
1. What is Jazz?
a. Characterized by improvisation and spontaneity.
b. Stress on the soloist (individual performer) instead of the group.
c. Use of time known as ‘swing’, which accents on the offbeat (2 and 4, not 1 and 3).
i. “Late, Late Show” by Nat “King” Cole (1958)
ii. “Thriller” by Michael Jackson (1982)
d. Jazz music is a form of protest because it is about freedom and creativity. Black American musicians while living under segregation in the early 20th century created and developed a completely new creative art form.
e. Many different styles of jazz have developed since then, including: big band, bebop, cool jazz, modal jazz, acid jazz, etc.
2. Beginnings of Jazz
a. Started in New Orleans, Louisiana, a diverse city with influences from Africa, the Caribbean, Europe, and America’s South.
b. Originally played in bars and brothels in New Orleans.
c. Also developed from lavish funeral marches in the black community, with saxophone, trumpet, trombone, clarinet, and banjo (later guitar).
d. Blues form, based on call-and-response field songs, became one of the core musical structures of jazz.
3. Blues Form
a. ‘The Blues’ is both a musical form and genre.
b. The name comes from a feeling of sadness, so many songs are about ‘having the blues’.
c. Most commonly in 8-bar or 12-bar (bar=measure format)
d. 12-Bar Blues
I I I I7
IV IV I I7
V IV I I
e. Used by many jazz composers, beginning with W.C. Handy and later, Duke Ellington and Charles Mingus.
i. “St. Louis Blues” by Albert Ammons (1939)
ii. “Fine and Mellow” by Billie Holiday (1944)
4. The Jazz Age
a. In the 1920s, big band music became the most popular genre, so the decade is called “The Jazz Age.”
b. Louis Armstrong
i. Most influential musician of the 1920s and 1930s.
ii. Played trumpet and sang.
iii. Singing techniques and trumpet improvisation unprecedented in “West End Blues” (1928).
iv. Criticized for playing into white stereotypes of blacks.
v. Made jazz music mainstream.
vi. Protested racism in “Black and Blue” (1932).
5. “Black and Blue” (1932) by Louis Armstrong
a. Cold empty bed...springs hurt my head
Feels like ole Ned...wished I was dead
What did I do...to be so black and blue
Even the mouse...ran from my house
They laugh at you...and all that you do
What did I do...to be so black and blue
I’m white...inside...but that don’t help my case
That’s life...can’t hide what is in my face
How would it end...ain’t got a friend
My only sin...is in my skin
What did I do...to be so black and blue
6. Jazz in the 30s and 40s
a. Many black musicians moved to Europe to play in the 1930s because they did not have to deal with segregation there.
i. “Body and Soul” (1939) by Coleman Hawkins
b. Big bands were expensive to maintain. Many of these bands folded during the Great Depression. Smaller jazz groups began to form.
c. In 1935, Benny Goodman integrated the bandstand by having the first black musician, the piano player Teddy Wilson, play in his band. Goodman later included Lionel Hampton and Charlie Christian.
i. “Blues in B” (1936)
d. Not as famous as Jackie Robinson integrating baseball, but still a historic event in Civil Rights Movement.
7. “Strange Fruit” (1939) by Billie Holiday
a. Southern trees bear strange fruit,
Blood on the leaves and blood at the root,
Black bodies swinging in the southern breeze,
Strange fruit hanging from the poplar trees.
Pastoral scene of the gallant south
The bulging eyes and the twisted mouth,
Scent of magnolias, sweet and fresh,
Then the sudden smell of burning flesh.
Here is fruit for the crows to pluck,
For the rain to gather, for the wind to suck,
For the sun to rot, for the trees to drop,
Here is a strange and bitter crop.
b. "The first time I sang it, I thought it was a mistake. There wasn't even a patter of applause when I finished. Then a lone person began to clap nervously. Then suddenly everyone was clapping and cheering.” -- Billie Holiday
8. Jazz in the 50s
a. Small combos from 3 to 6 musicians with a foundation of rhythm (piano, bass, drums) plus horns (trumpet, saxophone, trombone).
b. Smaller groups much more innovative and adaptable to change so jazz branched out in the 1950s from the old bebop style of the 1940s.
c. Cool Jazz: introduced by Miles Davis in 1950 with classical music influences, popular on the West Coast among white musicians.
d. Hard Bop: introduced by Miles Davis in 1954 influenced by rhythm and blues, African music, and gospel most famous groups led by Clifford Brown and Max Roach, Art Blakey
e. Jazz started to face competition from other forms of entertainment such as rock’n’roll and TV.
9. AABA Form or Thirty-Two Bar Form
a. Eight measures of the same melody, played twice, followed by the bridge, and then a repeat of the original theme.
b. Became a popular composition style at the turn of the 20th century, found in many jazz pieces as well as rock and pop music.
c. Jazz musicians based their improvised solos around the melody and chord progressions of the original theme.
d. Typical structure of a jazz piece: 32 bars to state the melody, one 32 bar solo, another 32 bar solo by a different musician, restate the melody to close.
i. “Joy Spring” (1954) by Clifford Brown
ii. “Walkin’” (1954) by Miles Davis
iii. “Moanin’”(1958) by Art Blakey
iv. “I Will” (1968) by the Beatles
10. “Kind of Blue” (1959) by Miles Davis
a. Miles Davis worked with John Coltrane, Cannonball Adderley, and Bill Evans to introduce a new style of music based on modes instead of chords, giving musicians more improvisational freedom.
b. Produced the best-selling jazz album of all time which later influenced rock, hip hop, country, etc.
c. Very accessible because of its smooth and beautiful melodies.
d. Included one white musician at a time when most musical groups were all black.
11. Jazz and Civil Rights
a. Protest songs performed by Louis Armstrong and Billie Holliday.
i. “Fables of Faustus” (1959) by Charles Mingus
ii. “Freedom Now Suite” (1960) by Max Roach
b. American government often sent African Americans abroad as cultural ambassadors, to downplay civil rights abuses. Louis Armstrong refused to serve as a goodwill ambassador to Russia after the government refused to integrate schools in Arkansas in 1957.
c. Jazz influenced African American writers of the day including Leroi Jones, Langston Hughes, and James Baldwin. Their writings gave voice to the feeling of the Civil Rights Movement.
12. Jazz Today
a. Jazz exists in a number of different styles, but contemporary jazz is no longer mainstream, only heard on college radio, urban areas, and music schools.
b. Current trends in popular music favor word-heavy songs. Average words per pop song are increasing in recent years.
c. People no longer have the patience or interest to listen to instrumental music.
d. Most of the influential musicians of the 1940s, 50s, and 60s are no longer alive or no longer playing.

LECTURE 14: AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY
1. The Monroe Doctrine
a. ¨Doctrines are attitudes or stances that outline a president's foreign policy.
b. ¨James Monroe, U.S. President (1816-1824), declared that the U.S. would not allow European powers to interfere with the affairs of countries in the Western Hemisphere.
c. ¨Originally ignored by other countries because the U.S. was weak. Later, the U.S. used it as a basis to interfere in many Latin American countries in the 20th century.
2. Latin American Independence
a. ¨Spain started to colonize South and Central America in the 1530s.
b. ¨These countries won independence between 1804 and 1824 in a series of wars and rebellions.
3. The Spanish-American War (1898)
a. ¨The U.S. justified its support for Cuban independence against Spain with the Monroe Doctrine. The U.S. then declared war on Spain. After winning, the U.S. annexed Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines.
b. ¨Cuba becomes independent in 1902 and the Philippines in 1946.
c. ¨American expansionism followed British and French imperialism in Africa.
d. ¨The U.S. gained rights to build and administer the Panama Canal in 1903 indefinitely because it helped free Panama from Colombia.
4. World War I
a. ¨Original U.S. foreign policy was to pursue “isolationism.” It only traded with Britain and Britain’s allies in WWI.
b. ¨The U.S. sided with Britain and the Entente Powers in WWI because:
c. ¤German submarines were aggressive about sinking foreign commercial and military ships.
d. ¤The U.S. discovered the Zimmerman Telegram in which Germany encouraged Mexico to invade the U.S.
e. ¨After the U.S. entered the war, the Entente Powers won.
f. ¨In 1919, President Woodrow Wilson encouraged an international union of countries called the League of Nations. America did not join because the U.S. Senate voted against it.
5. World War II
a. ¨During WWII, America also pursued isolationism but provided lots of assistance to the Allied powers (UK, France, USSR) until it was attacked by Japan in December 1941.
b. ¨America entered the war and then the Allies won.
c. ¨United States helped to organize United Nations, becoming permanent members of the Security Council (with China).
d. ¨After World War II, Americans enacted Marshall Plan to financially assist Western European nations to rebuild and to stop flow of communism.
e. ¨Similarly, Americans occupied Japan from 1945-1952 in order to disarm and democratize Japan.
6. The Cold War
a. ¨WWII left the Great Powers (Great Britain, Japan, Italy, and France) devastated. Two powers emerged, creating a "bipolar” world order: the Soviet Union and the US, both of whom had nuclear weapons.
b. ¨The name "Cold War" means that no direct conflict occurred between the two countries.
c. ¨The US sought containment of communism while the USSR fostered communist revolutions all over the world, resulting in such conflicts as the Korean War.
d. ¨North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 1949: America allied with Northern and Western European nations in order to "Keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.” Eastern European nations respond with the Warsaw Pact.
e. ¨A “Hot War” was deterred by the fear that either country would use its nuclear weapons stockpile, resulting in the end of the world.
7. Red Scare
a. ¨Strong anti-communism in US during the 1940s and 1950s.
b. ¨People became afraid of communists spying and infiltrating the government. This led to deporting, jailing, blacklisting, and red-baiting (accusing somebody of being a communist).
c. ¨Led by House Committee on Un-American Activities (HUAC) which investigated accused communists in government, the arts, and Hollywood.
d. ¨Many Americans lived in constant fear during the Cold War, because they were worried their neighbors would accuse them of being communist or the USSR would annihilate them with nuclear weapons.
8. The Vietnam War (1959-1975)
a. ¨War fought between North Vietnam, supported by communist allies, and South Vietnam supported by United States.
b. ¨United States entered war because they wanted to contain communism. “Containment” or "The Domino Theory” argued that if South Vietnam fell to communists than all of Southeast Asia would become communist.
c. ¨Conflict spilled into other countries in Southeast Asia.
d. ¨The American public did not support the war, which led to large anti-war protests.
e. ¨Eventually the US withdrew from Vietnam and North Vietnamese Army took over the South.
9. Conflicts in the Americas at the End of the 20th Century
a. ¨America used Monroe Doctrine to establish hegemony in the Western Hemisphere in order to stop spread of communism. This is because the Soviet spread of communism violated idea of no European influence in the Americas.
b. ¨The U.S. covertly supported brutal right-wing dictators instead of allowing socially democratic governments to form in Chile, El Salvador, Argentina, and Guatemala.
10. End of the Cold War
a. ¨The Soviet Union and U.S. reduced the number of nuclear weapons it had by signing treaties in 1987 and 1989. At its peak, the two countries had 70,000 nuclear weapons combined.
b. ¨The invasion of Afghanistan and other military spending also depleted the USSR financially. As a result, it could no longer support the system that bound all the separate countries together.
c. ¨The tearing down of the Berlin Wall between East and West Germany in 1989 symbolized the end of the Cold War.
11. Post-Cold War Foreign Policy
a. ¨The US rose as the sole superpower in the world after the Cold War.
b. ¨America has greatest military force, accounting for 50% of the world’s total defense spending, with strong economic and political influence.
c. ¨Participated in many wars with NATO (Afghanistan, 2001-?), the United Nations (Somalia, 1993-95).
d. ¨Iraq’s invasion (2003-?) is considered a 'unilateral' invasion because the US did not have NATO or UN support.
e. ¨The US performs international military operations because it is the strongest country in the world and nobody can oppose it. If other countries tried to do similar things they would probably be punished by the UN.